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For those wondering how the photos are taken, read below. This
is meant to be a somewhat simple explaination for those not into this
hobby.
Each photo is comprised of several exposures that get added together
on the computer. I'll go over some of the things I have to do to
take the picture, and some of the things needed to process it.
These steps are a very simplified version of what is needed. To
start, I turn on the computer, the mount, CCD camera and everything.
Then on the computer I start up about half a dozen programs, which all
talk to each other, that run the telescope, focuser, color wheel, and
camera. I turn on the cooler on the camera, which will cool the
CCD down about 35C lower then the ambient temperature so the images have
less noise in them. To
take the picture, I slew to the object I wish to photograph, do a
focusing run with the FocusMax software, start up the autoguider after
finding a guide star on the autoguider CCD (a 2nd CCD in the camera),
then try to figure out what exposure time I can use, so the camera
doesn't bloom (over-expose) on any bright stars in the picture.
The definition of bright stars would be stars you can't even see with
your eye, but are still fairly bright for the CCD. It can take 30
to 60 minutes to get to the point where I am ready to start actually
taking pictures. Then I take as many exposures as I can of that
length of time (usually 5 or 6 minute subexposures). I try
to get at least four hours of exposure time in, and more is always better, so I usually take subexposures for two or three nights. After that, I need
to take dark exposures - these are exposures with the shutter closed, at
the same camera temperature and length of time the light exposures were
taken. These "Baseline" dark photos are called "darks" and are
averaged together and subtracted from each light image to subtract the
noise of the camera. Then I use a lightbox and take some exposures
of evenly illuminated field, I take several of these and average them
together. This "flat" image is multiplied with each exposure to
subtract out dust donuts and other uneven illumination from the
telescope. When the dark is subtracted or the flat taken account
of in each picture, each pixel in the picture is individually
calculated, all 3.2 million pixels for my camera.
Usually the next day, I process the pictures, darks and flats, making
a set of "reduced" pictures, ones where the dark and flats have been
processed. Then I take these reduced pictures and combine them
into one photo with a sigma combine program, that averages the
corresponding pixels in each separate picture, throws out any that are
too far away from the average (to get rid of cosmic ray hits, satellite
trails and other noise) and creates a final unprocessed photo.
There might be 40 to 200 light exposures of the object, and 20 flats and 20 dark exposures. It takes quite a while to process
these into one photo. Then I use PhotoShop to adjust and process
this photo to bring the details out. |